Identifying Interactions at Scale for LLMs

Understanding the behavior of complex machine learning systems, particularly Large Language Models (LLMs), is a critical challenge in modern artificial intelligence. Interpretability research aims to make the decision-making process more transparent to model builders and impacted humans, a step toward safer and more trustworthy AI. To gain a comprehensive understanding, we can analyze these systems through different lenses: feature attribution , which isolates the specific input features driving a prediction ( Lundberg & Lee, 2017 ; Ribeiro et al., 2022 ); data attribution , which links model behaviors to influential training examples ( Koh & Liang, 2017 ; Ilyas et al., 2022 ); and mechanistic interpretability , which dissects the functions of internal components ( Conmy et al., 2023 ; Sharkey et al., 2025 ). Across these perspectives, the same fundamental hurdle persists: complexity at scale . Model behavior is rarely the result of isolated components; rather, it emerges from complex dependencies and patterns. To achieve state-of-the-art performance, models synthesize complex feature relationships, find shared patterns from diverse training examples, and process information throug